A small French military contingent has arrived in Greenland's capital Nuuk, officials say, as several European states deploy small numbers in a so-called reconnaissance mission.
The limited deployment, which also involves Germany, Sweden, Norway, Finland, the Netherlands, and the UK, comes as US President Donald Trump continues to press his claim to the Arctic island, which is a semi-autonomous part of Denmark.
French President Emmanuel Macron said the initial contingent would be reinforced soon with land, air, and sea assets.
Senior diplomat Olivier Poivre d'Arvor saw the mission as sending a strong political signal: This is a first exercise... we'll show the US that NATO is present.
Poivre d'Arvor said the initial French deployment involved 15 people, hours after Denmark and Greenland's foreign ministers traveled to Washington for a meeting with US Vice-President JD Vance.
Following the meeting, Danish Foreign Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen said while the talks were constructive, there remained a fundamental disagreement between the two sides and later criticized Trump's bid to buy Greenland.
Trump, meanwhile, doubled down on his bid to bring Greenland under US control, telling reporters in the Oval Office, we need Greenland for national security. Although he did not rule out the use of force, he said late on Wednesday that he thought something could be worked out with Denmark.
The problem is there's not a thing that Denmark can do about it if Russia or China wants to occupy Greenland, but there's everything we can do. You found that out last week with Venezuela.
Speaking to reporters on Thursday, White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt said she doesn't think the deployment of additional European troops to Greenland will impact the president's decision-making process on the Arctic territory.
She added: Nor does it impact his goal of the acquisition of Greenland at all.
Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk said Poland was not planning to join the European military deployment to Greenland, but warned that any US military intervention there would be a political disaster.
A conflict or attempted annexation of the territory of a NATO member by another NATO member would be the end of the world as we know it - and which for many years guaranteed our security, he told a press conference.
Russia's embassy in Belgium expressed serious concern at what was unfolding in the Arctic, accusing NATO of building up a military presence there under the false pretext of a growing threat from Moscow and Beijing.
However, the European NATO deployment consists of only a few dozen personnel as part of Danish-led joint exercises called Operation Arctic Endurance. While heavy in symbolism, it was not immediately clear how long they would stay.
Finland is sending two military liaison officers for what it said was a fact-finding mission during what was currently a planning stage of the operation.
Right now we are not ruling anything out but we are not specifically considering anything, Janne Kuusela, head of the defense ministry's policy department, told the BBC.
Germany was sending an A400M transport plane to Nuuk on Thursday with a contingent of 13 soldiers, although officials said they would stay in Greenland only until Saturday.
Danish defense officials said they had decided with the government of Greenland that there would be an increased military presence around Greenland in the coming period to bolster NATO's footprint in the Arctic for the benefit of both European and transatlantic security.
Macron, in his New Year address to France's armed forces, said Europeans had a special responsibility to Greenland because this territory belongs to the European Union and it's also one of our NATO allies.
The intention was to have a military presence in rotation, with the aim of having a more permanent military presence on the island with foreign allies taking part in exercise and training activities.
Copenhagen has disputed Trump's justification for wanting to control Greenland. Rasmussen, its foreign minister, said on Wednesday there was no instant threat from China or Russia that Denmark and Greenland could not accommodate, although he shared American security concerns to some extent.
A Democratic-led US delegation is due to visit Denmark on Friday for talks with Danish MPs.
Greenland's Prime Minister, Jens-Frederik Nielsen, said this week that the territory was in the midst of a geopolitical crisis, and that if his people were asked to make a choice they would choose Denmark over the US.
Greenland does not want to be owned by the United States. Greenland does not want to be governed by the United States. Greenland does not want to be part of the United States, he stressed.
