Pope Leo XIV’s unique position as both an American citizen and the head of a sovereign state raises intriguing questions about dual citizenship and international law. Born and raised in the United States, Pope Leo now leads Vatican City, recognized as a distinct nation-state. The circumstances surrounding his citizenship are in line with U.S. laws that permit dual nationality. According to the State Department, foreign heads of state can retain their American citizenship, and they can inform the department of their intention to do so.
Historically, several Popes have maintained citizenship from their home countries alongside their papal duties. For instance, Pope Francis kept his Argentine citizenship and renewed his passport in 2017, demonstrating the Vatican’s provision for dual nationalities. This practice raises questions about international law and U.S. jurisdiction, particularly when leaders operate from dual citizenship.
Vatican City operates under the Holy See, which maintains observer status at the United Nations to uphold neutrality in political matters. Though Pope Leo is also a citizen of Peru, which allows dual citizenship, the laws pertaining to his role as a foreign head of state remain ambiguous. As the Vatican has yet to provide clarity on Pope Leo's citizenship plans, the narrative continues to unfold, showcasing the interplay between religious leadership and national identity.
Internationally, there are few precedents of U.S. citizens serving as foreign heads of state. For example, former Somali President Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, who lived in the States and later renounced his American citizenship due to dual loyalty charges, highlights the sensitive terrain of holding multiple citizenships in positions of power.
In summary, as Pope Leo XIV continues his papal duties, the implications of his dual citizenship remain a topic of interest, combining elements of religious leadership with complex legal situations, ensuring close scrutiny from both political and legal observers alike.
