This initiative is seen as a critical part of Meloni's platform to manage illegal immigration and deter dangerous Mediterranean crossings. Despite earlier judicial opposition, which questioned the safety of the countries from which some migrants originated, Meloni's government has since established a new list of "safe" nations for this process.

Critics, including human rights organizations and members of the political opposition, have condemned the renewed program, labeling it harsh and financially burdensome. In contrast, some European leaders view it as a viable migration strategy amid growing anti-immigration sentiments. Ursula von der Leyen, the European Commission president, praised the plan as a novel approach to international responsibility-sharing.

The legal challenges continue, with Italian judges seeking clarity from the European Court of Justice regarding the definitions and determinations of what constitutes a safe country. Meanwhile, the decision on future transfers will now rest with a court of appeals in Rome.

Despite the uncertainties surrounding the program, Meloni remains determined to see it implemented, pledging her unwavering commitment to the Albanian centers and emphasizing their operational success in her party's recent gathering.

Elisabetta Povoledo contributed reporting. Emma Bubola is a Times reporter based in Rome.