Ten people have been found guilty of cyber-bullying Brigitte Macron, the wife of French President Emmanuel Macron, by a Paris court.
The defendants were accused of spreading false claims about her gender and sexuality, as well as making malicious remarks about the 24-year age gap between the couple.
Most of the defendants were handed suspended prison sentences of up to eight months, but one was jailed immediately for failing to attend court.
The judge said the eight men and two women had acted with a clear desire to do harm to Brigitte Macron, making remarks online that were degrading and insulting.
Two of the defendants - self-styled independent journalist Natacha Rey and internet fortune-teller Amandine Roy – were found guilty of slander in 2024 for claiming that France's first lady had never existed.
They alleged her brother Jean-Michel Trogneux had changed gender and started using her name. Both later had similar libel convictions against them overturned.
Monday's ruling in France is a forerunner of a much bigger trial due in the US, where the Macrons have filed a defamation lawsuit against right-wing influencer Candace Owens, who has also voiced conspiracy theories about the first lady's gender.
They alleged that she disregarded all credible evidence disproving her claim in favour of platforming known conspiracy theorists and proven defamers.
Owens has regularly repeated the claims on her podcast and social media channels, and in March 2024 stated that she would stake her entire professional reputation on her belief that Mrs Macron is in fact a man.
A conspiracy theory claiming that Brigitte Macron is a transgender woman has circulated since her husband was first elected in 2017.
Brigitte Macron first met her now-husband when she was a teacher at his secondary school.
The couple married in 2007, when the future French president was 29 and she was in her mid-50s.
