In the realm of archaeology, few figures stand as tall as Rakhaldas Banerjee, whose remarkable tale is often left untold. A brilliant but contentious explorer, Banerjee is credited with one of the most significant discoveries in world history: the ancient city of Mohenjo-daro—translated as "mound of the dead men" in Sindhi—located in present-day Pakistan. This site was once the heart of the Indus Valley Civilization, which covered a vast area from north-east Afghanistan to north-west India during the Bronze Age.
Banerjee's journey into archaeology began when he joined the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) while India was still under British rule. An accomplished epigraphist, his pursuit of ancient artifacts led him across the subcontinent for several months. His unveiling of Mohenjo-daro, however, was surrounded by controversy that has overshadowed his contributions throughout history.
Astonishingly, Banerjee's critical reports on Mohenjo-daro were never published by the ASI. Allegations arose that the ASI’s then-chief, John Marshall, had suppressed Banerjee's work and taken credit for the discovery, converting Banerjee into what Professor P.K. Mishra described as "an insignificant footnote" in world history. Historian Nayanjot Lahiri's writings reveal further complications in Banerjee’s professional life, highlighting his tenure at the ASI as marred by disputes over his independent decision-making and high-handedness.
Despite being born in 1885 into a wealthy Bengali family, Banerjee's path was far from traditional. His youthful curiosity led him to museums and studies of various historical artifacts. In 1910, he first entered the ASI as an excavation assistant and proved his aptitude, ultimately rising to the position of superintending archaeologist in western India by 1917. It was in 1919 during this time that he laid eyes on the remnants of Mohenjo-daro and began a series of excavations revealing a trove of ancient relics, including seals and coins.
Banerjee faced setbacks, however, as funding dwindled by 1924 and personal troubles compounded his challenges. His spending habits came under scrutiny, leading to a request for transfer after accusations arose regarding his financial management. These issues did not fade; in 1925, he was embroiled in a scandal surrounding the alleged theft of a revered idol, which led to his forced resignation from the ASI despite his exoneration.
Following his departure from the ASI, Banerjee shifted gears, taking on a teaching role while continuing to struggle financially due to his extravagant lifestyle. He joined the Banaras Hindu University (BHU) in 1928 but tragically passed away just two years later at the young age of 45.
In hindsight, Rakhaldas Banerjee’s exploration and efforts remain integral to understanding the Indus Valley Civilization. While his life and work may have faded from the limelight, scholars and historians today strive to keep his memory alive, ensuring that this overlooked pioneer receives his rightful acknowledgment in the annals of history.
