Australia could use a range of technologies to implement its social media ban for under-16s but all have risks or shortcomings, a report has found.
The government says its ban, which comes into effect in December, is designed to limit the harmful impacts of social media. The policy has been touted as a world-first and is being watched closely by leaders globally.
Under the new laws, platforms must take reasonable steps to prevent Australian children from creating accounts on their sites and deactivate existing ones.
Though the move is popular with many parents, experts have raised concerns over data privacy and the accuracy of age verification technology.
The federal government commissioned the UK-based Age Check Certification Scheme to test the ways Australia could enforce the ban, and its final report was published on Sunday.
It looked at a variety of methods - including formal verification using government documents, parental approval, or technologies to determine age based on facial structure, gestures, or behaviours - and found all were technically possible.
But we did not find a single ubiquitous solution that would suit all use cases, nor did we find solutions that were guaranteed to be effective in all deployments, it said.
Verification using identity documents was cited as the most accurate method, but the report identified concerns that platforms may keep this data longer than required and was anticipating sharing it with regulators, both of which would leave users' privacy at risk.
Australia - like much of the world - has in recent years seen a series of high-profile data breaches, including several where sensitive personal information was stolen and sold or published.
Facial assessment technology was 92% accurate for people aged 18 or over, but there is a buffer zone - about two to three years either side of 16 - in which it is less accurate. The report noted this would lead to false positives, clearing children for accounts, and false negatives, barring users who should be allowed.
There are also privacy and accuracy concerns with parental approval methods, it said.
It recommended that the methods should be layered to create the most robust system, and highlighted that many of the technology providers were looking at ways to address circumvention, through things like document forgeries and VPNs (virtual private networks) which obscure the user's country.
Communications Minister Anika Wells stated there was no one-size-fits-all solution, asserting that age checks could be private, efficient and effective.
Under the ban, tech companies could face fines of up to A$50 million ($32.5 million; £25.7 million) if they do not take reasonable steps to restrict those aged under 16 from holding accounts. These steps are still to be defined.
Polling indicates most Australian adults support banning social media for children under 16. However, some mental health advocates warn that the policy could sever online connections for children and push them to less regulated areas of the internet.
They argue for a focus on better policing of harmful content on social media platforms rather than an outright ban.
